Author: Zack (Page 2 of 9)

Round 12 (MW) Respiratory Distress

You are working at Clerkship General when you hear an EMS call on the radio. “Clerkship General. We are bringing you an unresponsive 6-year-old female found foaming at the mouth by her babysitter. ETA 2 minutes.”

Initial Vitals:

BP: 125/80

HR: 62

RR: 34

O2: 81% (Non Rebreather)

Critical Actions:

  1. Grab the Broslow!
  2. Fingerstick Glucose
  3. Choose Endotracheal Tube Size
  4. Administer Atropine until bronchial secretions stop
  5. Pralidoxime

Round 11 (MW) Chest Pain

You are working at Clerkship Rural when the nurse hands you your next chart to see. It’s a 59 year old farmer with chest pain.

Initial Vitals:

BP: 156/97

HR: 110

RR: 22

O2: 98% (Room Air)

Temp: 98.8F

Critical Actions:

  1. Give Aspirin, Nitroglycerin, and Heparin
  2. Identify Posterior STEMI
  3. Assess for Thrombolytic Contraindications and Consent
  4. Transfer for PCI
  5. Diagnose Accelerated Idioventricular Rhythm (AIVR)

Round 10 (MW) Agitation

You are working at Clerkship General when you hear an EMS call on the radio…

“CLERKSHIP GENERAL – We are bringing you an agitated and combative 30 year old male, we’ll see you in 5 minutes.”

Initial Vitals:

BP: 192/105

HR: 134

RR: 22

O2: 99% (Room Air)

Temp: 98.8 F

Critical Actions:

  1. Administer Sedation for Patient/Staff Safety
  2. Intubate the Patient and Obtain Chest Xray
  3. Diagnose Intracranial Hemorrhage
  4. Treat Patients Hypertension
  5. Diagnose Rhabdomyolysis and Give Fluids

Dangerous Actions:

  1. Giving Succinylcholine
  2. Giving B-Blocker (Controversial)

Check Out:

Procrastinators Guide to Emergency Medicine

Round 9 (MW) Altered Mental Status

You are working at Clerkship General when the charge nurse comes and grabs you… “Hey doc, we need you in room 2, this kid looks sick…”

Initial Vitals:

BP: 68/40

HR: 128

RR: 22

O2: 99% (Room Air)

Temp: 103.5F

Critical Actions:

  1. Diagnose Meningitis and Perform Lumbar Puncture
  2. Give Empiric Antibiotics
  3. Treat Septic Shock
  4. Give Steroids
  5. Give Prophylaxis to Close Contacts

Check Out:

Pearson Ravitz Webinar – “Disability Insurance 101 for Residents”

https://us06web.zoom.us/webinar/register/1416806357023/WN_ziYRNc0kT8yAyOOJZ-Xk2g

Round 8 (MW) Groin Pain

You are working at Clerkship General on an overnight shift when the next chart is handed to you. It’s a 35 year old male with a chief complaint of groin pain.

Initial Vitals:

BP: 150/90

HR: 107

RR: 20

O2: 99% (Room Air)

Temp: 98.0F

Critical Actions:

  1. Diagnose Ischemic/Low Flow Priapism
  2. Perform Penile Nerve Block
  3. Aspirate Blood and Irrigate with Saline
  4. Inject Intracavernous Phenylepherine
  5. Diagnose and Treat Ventricular Tachycardia

Flash Pulmonary Edema (aka SCAPE)

  • “Sympathetic Crashing Acute Pulmonary Edema”
  • Pathophysiology – Rapid onset of pulmonary edema caused by sudden hypertension
    • Triggers- Missed Medication, Cocaine, Stress/Anxiety
      • Increase in BP = Increase in afterload
      • Increased afterload causes acute pulmonary edema (in patients with CHF)
      • The worsening pulmonary edema causes shortness of breath which worsens blood pressure and further increases afterload
  • Presentation- Sudden, severe respiratory distress AND hypertension
    • Different than CHF exacerbation
      • Not necessarily caused by hypervolemia
      • More rapid in onset
    • Typically crackles/rales on exam or diffuse B-Lines on POCUS
  • Treatment
    • BiPAP/CPAP
    • High Dose Nitroglycerin
    • Diuretics IF Hypervolemic

Opioid Use Disorder – What You Do Matters!

In this long-form episode we will discuss opioid use disorder, the leading cause of death in young adults in the United States. What you do matters!

  1. Why you should care about OUD
  2. What is OUD
  3. Buprenorphine Works

References

  1. National Safety Counsel Injury Facts
  2. DebunkingDenial – Purdue Pharma and America’s Opioid Epidemic
  3. Addiction Neuroscience 101 – Youtube
  4. Cochran Review – Buprenorphine for OUD

The Rank List

This episode will answer 3 big pre-Match Day questions:

1. How do I go about making my rank list?

2. What about post-interview communication both from and to programs?

3. How does this whole thing called the Match actually work?

Resources:

https://www.emra.org/books/msadvisingguide/preparing-and-submitting-your-rank-list/

Round 14 (Shortness of Breath)

CAUTION: THESE NOTES CONTAIN SPOILERS!!!

Case Introduction

You are sitting at your computer on an otherwise quiet night when a young male is brought into your ED in obvious respiratory distress.

Initial Vitals

  • Temp 98.6
  • HR 99
  • RR 34
  • BP 105/69
  • O2 95%

Critical Actions

  • Give Albuterol + Ipratropium + Steroids
  • Obtain Chest Xray
  • Give Magnesium
  • Place patient on BiPAP
  • Give IV Beta Agonist (Epinephrine)

Final Diagnosis

Status Asthmaticus

Tips and Tricks

Frequently perform verbal reassessments on patients with the examiner (vitals, patient appearance, pain, etc)

Additional Reading

Round 13 (Dizziness)

CAUTION: THESE NOTES CONTAIN SPOILERS!!!

Case Introduction

You are working at your local hospital when the next chart gets put in your rack. You groan. The chief complaint is dizziness..

Initial Vitals

  • Temp 98.6
  • HR 109
  • RR 20
  • BP 105/69
  • O2 100%

Critical Actions

  • Diagnose Upper GI Bleed
  • Initiate IV Proton Pump Inhibitor
  • Obtain Type and Screen
  • Admit Patient to the Hospital
  • Identify Medications That Increase Risk of Ulcer (If Prompted)

Final Diagnosis

Upper GI Bleed due to Peptic Ulcer

Tips and Tricks

If you get stuck in a case and don’t know what to do next. Identify all abnormal findings that you have been provided

Additional Reading

  • Why You Should Never Ask “What Do You Mean By Dizzy?” (PubMed)

Round 12 (Difficulty Breathing)

CAUTION: THESE NOTES CONTAIN SPOILERS!!!

Case Introduction

A young gentlemen runs out to triage yelling “I can’t breath!” and collapses to the floor in front of the nurse…

Initial Vitals

  • Temp 98.8
  • HR 145
  • RR 45
  • BP 60/30
  • O2 85%

Critical Actions

  • Give Supplemental Oxygen
  • Identify Pneumothorax Prior to Imaging
  • Correctly Perform Needle Thoracostomy
  • Correctly Perform Tube Thoracostomy

Final Diagnosis

Pneumothorax Secondary to Penetrating Chest Trauma

Tips and Tricks

Be careful, lack of visual cues during oral cases can mislead you!

Additional Reading

Round 11 (Headache)

CAUTION: THESE NOTES CONTAIN SPOILERS!!!

Case Introduction

You are having a busy day in the department when you are paged overhead to the resuscitation bay for an ill appearing patient with a headache…

Initial Vitals
  • Temp 98.9
  • HR 99
  • RR 18
  • BP 180/110
  • O2 94%
Critical Actions
  • Verbalize a Full Neurologic Examination
  • Obtain CT Scan Without Contrast
  • Consult Neurosurgery for Subarachnoid Hemorrhage
  • Reverse Warfarin Coagulopathy
  • Administer Antihypertensives
Final Diagnosis

Acute Subarachnoid Hemorrhage on Anticoagulation

Tips and Tricks

Always ask the patient if they have allergies prior to administering ANYTHING.

Additional Reading

Round 10 (Allergic Reaction)

CAUTION: THESE NOTES CONTAIN SPOILERS!!!

Case Introduction

A 45 year old female is exposed to peanut butter and shrimp pizza and begins to have an apparent allergic reaction…

Initial Vitals
  • Temp 98.8
  • HR 130
  • RR 35
  • BP 70/40
  • O2 92%
Critical Actions
  • Verbalize Airway Evaluation
  • Complete a FOCUSED History and Exam
  • Normal Saline Bolus
  • Epinephrine both IM and (subsequently) IV
  • Glucagon 1mg IV
Final Diagnosis

Refractory Anaphylaxis Due to Beta Blockers

Tips and Tricks

You still need to obtain a quick history and exam even if you know the diagnosis in the first few seconds of the case

Additional Reading
  • Basic approach to anaphylaxis (EM Clerkship)
  • Tranexamic acid as first-line emergency treatment for episodes of bradykinin-mediated angioedema induced by ACE inhibitors. (PubMed)
  • Glucagon infusion in refractory anaphylactic shock in patients on beta-blockers. (PubMed)

Round 9 (Seizure)

CAUTION: THESE NOTES CONTAIN SPOILERS!!!

Case Introduction

The nurse brings back a young adult male from the lobby who is having a seizure…

Initial Vitals
  • Temp 98.8
  • HR 90
  • RR 10
  • BP 120/80
  • O2 92%
Critical Actions
  • Verbalize ABCs on a Critical Patient
  • Obtain Immediate Blood Glucose Level
  • Give Benzodiazepine
  • Initiate Workup of New-Onset Seizures
  • Give Pyridoxine (Vitamin B6)
Final Diagnosis

Isoniazid Toxicity

Tips and Tricks

When the patient is unable to provide history, attempt to obtain the information from external sources

Additional Reading
Corrections

Ketamine not Keppra as potential induction agent for status epilepticus (32:40)

Round 8 (Fall)

CAUTION: THESE NOTES CONTAIN SPOILERS!!!

Case Introduction

EMS brings in an elderly man who has fallen…

Initial Vitals
  • Temp 98.6
  • HR 58
  • RR 16
  • BP 105/60
  • 99%
Critical Actions
  • Treat the patient’s pain
  • Consult orthopedics for a hip fracture
  • Obtain an EKG
  • Treat Severe Hyperkalemia
  • Consult nephrology for dialysis
Final Diagnosis

Ground level fall resulting in hip fracture, missed dialysis, and severe hyperkalemia

Tips and Tricks

Patient’s will frequently have more than one final diagnosis. Do not prematurely close an the initial, obvious, diagnosis.

A man can have as many diseases as he damn well pleases!

Hickam’s dictum
Additional Reading

Round 7 (Headache)

CAUTION: THESE NOTES CONTAIN SPOILERS!!!

Case Introduction

Just a routine day at your hospital, your next patient has a chief complaint of headache…

Initial Vitals
  • Temp 98.8
  • HR 88
  • RR 16
  • BP 130/80
  • O2 99%
Critical Actions
  • Identify Acute Angle Closure Glaucoma
  • Initiate Appropriate Treatment for Acute Angle Closure Glaucoma
  • Emergent Consult to Ophthalmology
  • Recheck Intra-Ocular Pressure After Initiating Treatment
Dangerous Actions
  • Giving NSAIDS (The Patient Had This on Allergy List)
  • Performing a Lateral Canthotomy
Final Diagnosis

Acute Angle Closure Glaucoma

Tips and Tricks

Do not be surprised or scared when an examiner has a monotone voice and flat affect

Additional Reading

Round 6 (Back Pain)

CAUTION: THESE NOTES CONTAIN SPOILERS!!!

Case Introduction

A notorious, disheveled frequent flyer presents to your emergency department for her back pain and is asking for more Dilaudid…

Initial Vitals
  • Temp 99.0
  • HR 99
  • RR 18
  • BP 118/78
  • O2 99%
Critical Actions
  • Ask about Red Flags for Spinal Infection
  • Perform a Thorough Spinal Exam
  • Obtain MRI Spine with Contrast
  • Initiate Broad Spectrum Antibiotics
  • Treat Pain when Pathology Identified
Final Diagnosis

Spinal Epidural Abscess

Tips and Tricks

Don’t let consultants or other members of your team talk you out of appropriate management of a patient

Additional Reading
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